WHO 五分钟医学英语- 如何预防肥胖症? Obesity
Did you know that where you live, the food systems around you, your opportunities to be active, all of this has an impact on your risk of developing obesity?
你知道吗，你居住的地方、你周围的食物系统、你参加活动的机会，所有这些都会影响你患肥胖症的风险。
How big is this issue?
这个问题有多严重？
How can you reduce your risk of developing obesity and protect yourself?
你该如何降低患肥胖症的风险并保护自己？
And how would you know if you're living with obesity?
你如何知道自己是否患有肥胖症？
Hello and welcome to Science in Five, I'm with Vismita Gupta Smith.
大家好，欢迎收看《科学五分钟》，我是 Vismita Gupta Smith。
We are talking to Dr. Francesco Branca today.
今天我们采访的是 Francesco Branca 博士。
Francesco, talk to us about obesity.
Francesco，请和我们谈谈肥胖症吧。
Obesity is a chronic disease defined by excess fat deposits that impair health.
肥胖症是一种慢性疾病，其定义是过多的脂肪沉积损害健康。
It can lead to type 2 diabetes, heart disease.
它可能导致 2 型糖尿病、心脏病。
It may affect bone health, reproduction.
它可能会影响骨骼健康、生殖。
It is associated to certain cancers and it affects the quality of living.
它与某些癌症有关，并且会影响生活质量。
And you get obesity because of the consumption of unhealthy diet, because of low physical activity, but also because of poor sleeping patterns and a stressful life.
之所以会患上肥胖症，是因为不健康的饮食、缺乏体育锻炼，还和不良的睡眠习惯和生活压力大有关。
Some people are genetically predisposed to obesity, and so it's easier for them to get obese.
有些人有肥胖症的遗传倾向，因此他们更容易肥胖。
But also obesity can be the result of using certain medications.
但肥胖也可能是使用某些药物的结果。
Many people live in environments that are conducive to obesity because of foods which are high energy that are available around the clock and are cheap.
许多人生活在容易导致肥胖的环境中，因为高能量食品全天候供应，而且价格低廉。
So, Francesco, how big is this problem of obesity?
所以 Francesco，肥胖症这个问题有多严重？
Obesity is a problem for health and for economic development.
肥胖症既是健康问题，也是经济发展问题。
We calculate that 5 million deaths every year are caused by the consequences of obesity.
我们计算出每年有 500 万人死于肥胖症。
And countries lose up to 3% of their gross domestic product because of obesity.
而各国因肥胖而损失的国内生产总值高达 3%。
How would one know if they live with obesity?
人们如何知道自己是否患有肥胖症呢？
And how can they manage their condition?
他们如何控制自己的病情？
To identify obesity, you would measure weight and height and calculate the body mass index.
要确定是否肥胖，你需要测量自己的体重和身高，并计算身体质量指数。
In adults, a body mass index higher than 30 kg per square meters helps diagnosis of obesity.
在成年人中，身体质量指数高于每平方米 30 公斤可以诊断为肥胖症。
You can also measure waist circumference.
你还可以测量腰围。
In women, a waist circumference over 80 centimeters, and in men over 90 centimeters indicates a high risk of the consequences of obesity.
女性腰围超过 80 厘米，男性腰围超过 90 厘米，表明存在肥胖症的高风险。
You will also see that with obesity, there's a high blood pressure, there are disorders of the blood lipids and of glycemic control.
你还会看到，患有肥胖症的人会出现高血压、血脂紊乱和血糖控制障碍。
The response to this is, that obesity is not your own responsibility.
对此的回应是，肥胖症不是你自己的责任。
You shouldn't be ashamed if you're living with obesity.
如果你患有肥胖症，不应该感到羞耻。
And people should not blame people living with obesity.
大家不应该责怪患有肥胖症的人。
Then the most important thing is to go to see a health practitioner, who also should be professional and respectful for the people living with obesity, should help to diagnosis and should help with an integrated response, which is providing counseling on diet and physical activity and as needed, suggesting drug treatment or even some surgical practices that would limit the consumption and the absorption of food.
最重要的是去看医生，医生应该是专业的，尊重患有肥胖症的人，帮助诊断并提供综合治疗措施，包括提供饮食和体育锻炼方面的咨询，并在需要时提供药物治疗建议，甚至采取一些限制食物摄入和吸收的外科手术。
What if I do not have access to healthy food or do not have access to or easy access to exercise?
如果我无法获得健康食品，无法获得或不容易获得锻炼的机会该怎么办？
How can I prevent obesity and protect myself?
我怎样才能预防肥胖症并保护自己？
Community and national policy should help everybody to have access to healthy lifestyles.
社区和国家政策应帮助每个人都能获得健康的生活方式。
I would like to give some tips for everybody.
我想给大家一些建议。
If you're an adult, choose wholegrains, fruit and vegetables, healthy fats and limit sugars.
如果你是成年人，请选择全谷物、水果和蔬菜、健康脂肪，并限制糖的摄入。
Prefer water to any other drinks.
尽量喝水，而不是其他饮料。
Be active.
积极运动。
If you're a mother of a young infant, breastfeed her or him as long as you can.
如果你是婴儿的母亲，请尽可能长时间地进行母乳喂养。
Then for older children, give water and not sugar-sweetened beverages, fruit and vegetables instead of confectionery.
对于年龄较大的孩子，给他们喝水而不是含糖饮料，给他们吃水果和蔬菜而不是糖果。
Walk to school, limit screen time and make sure that adequate sleep is given.
步行上学，限制屏幕时间，并确保充足的睡眠。
Thank you, Francesco.
谢谢你，Francesco。
That was Science in Five today.
今天的《科学五分钟》就到这里。
Until next time then.
下次再见。
Stay safe, stay healthy and stick with science.
保持安全，保持健康，相信科学。
夏天到了，你的减肥flag立起来了吗？“减肥”用英语咋说？
夏天快到了，短袖短裙大家都准备好了吗？冬天已经过去了，想要靠着外套厚衣服遮肉的想法已经不现实了。趁着五月赶紧跟身上的肥肉说拜拜，管不住嘴的下场就是立下减肥flag，管它能不能完成，态度先摆正。
“减肥”用英语该咋说呢？
lose weight
最常见的用法就是“lose weight”，减掉体重，有些朋友可能认为这是一种中式英语，no no no，英语当中就是这么用的~所以大家放心大胆地用吧~
☆ 举个栗子 ☆
✎ She's starving herself to try to lose weight.
✎ 她试图通过节食的方法来减肥。
burn calories
减肥的原理主要是通过加速脂肪燃烧、减少热量摄入来加速自身的脂肪代谢，从而达到减轻体重的目的。
每天进入体内的能量都是通过吃进肚子里的食物提供的，比如富含脂肪的肥肉、坚果、烹调油等，富含碳水化合物的馒头、米饭、面条、烙饼等，富含酒精的啤酒、白酒、红酒等，如果这些食物提供的热量大于消耗的热量就会引起肥胖。如果每天消耗的热量大于吃进来食物的热量就能造成能量负平衡而起到减肥的作用。
因此，我们也可以把“减肥”说成“消耗热量”。
☆ 举个栗子 ☆
✎ This will improve your performance and help you burn off calories.
✎ 这将会改善你的表现，并帮你消耗卡路里。
get in shape
我身边很多喜欢健身的朋友其实并非是想通过健身减轻体重，更多的是为了塑形。塑形的原理主要是通过运动锻炼的方式,让身体里面的肌肉变得比较紧实,改善身体外形的形象,使整个身体的线条变得比较的优美。
☆ 举个栗子 ☆
✎ She runs six miles every day to help keep herself in shape.
✎ 她每天跑六英里来保护身材。
slim down
“slim”是指某个东西或者人特别纤细、单薄，“slim down”可以指“减肥”也可以指某个组织需要精简人手。
☆ 举个栗子 ☆
✎ We are a fat beast which needs slimming down.
✎ 我们是一头肥胖的野兽，需要减肥。
cut down
“cut down”意味“削减；减少使用；砍倒（树木）”之意，当我们减肥时需要减少摄入碳水，因此，我们可以表示为“cut down on carbohydrate”。
☆ 举个栗子 ☆
✎ You should cut down on fats and carbohydrates.
✎ 你应该减少摄入脂肪和碳水。
以上就是关于“减肥”的表达啦，大家学废了嘛？最后留下一个问题：“diet”是日常饮食，那“go on a diet”是啥意思？
☆ 上期答案：
前卫的；先锋派的；标新立异的 → 《时尚达人必备英语词汇》
好啦，今天的分享就到这啦
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77、肥胖人群更能享受食物的味道（双语科普）
Obese People Enjoy the Taste of Food More肥胖人群更能享受食物的味道Obese（肥胖的） people eat more food because it simply tastes better, a new study has found.
一项新的研究发现，肥胖人群饮食量更大仅仅是因为他们更能尝出食物的美味之处。
Researchers at the University of Iowa gave chocolate to a group of obese and non-obese women and found that as the obese group kept eating the food continued to taste almost as good to them as the first bite.
爱荷华大学的研究人员将巧克力给了一组肥胖与一组非肥胖的女性，发现随着肥胖组不停吃着巧克力，对他们来说其味道尝起来几乎一直和第一口一样美味。
The findings suggest that understanding taste perceptions（味觉感知能力） may be crucial（关键） to preventing obesity when combined with targeting nutritional awareness.
研究结果表明，理解味觉的感知能力，并与具有针对性的营养意识结合起来，可能成为预防肥胖的关键性一步。
"If people with obesity have different taste perceptions than non-obese people, it could lead to better understanding of obesity," lead investigator Linnea Polgreen noted, according to News Medical.
“如果与非肥胖者比起来，肥胖的人拥有不同的味觉感知能力，这可以引导人们更好地理解肥胖。” 主研究人员林内亚·波尔格林在接受《新闻医疗》的采访时指出。
More than 300 participants — 161 with a normal body mass index（体重指数）, 78 overweight and 51 obese — were given pieces of chocolate one at a time and were asked to rate how tasty each one was after eating it.
超过300位参与者——其中161人拥有正常的体重指数，78人超重，51人肥胖——他们逐次分得几个巧克力，每次一个，并且被要求每吃完一个后要为其味道评分。
Obese women needed to eat 12.5 pieces of chocolate to feel the same level of foodie（吃货） pleasure reached by non-obese women at 10 pieces, the study published in the Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics Monday found.
发表于《周一营养饮食学会》杂志上的研究显示，肥胖的女性需要吃12.5块巧克力才能体会到非肥胖女性吃10块巧克力所感受到的吃货般的喜悦程度。
"This may, in part, explain why obese people consume more than non-obese people," co-investigator Aaron Miller added.
“这可能部分地解释了为什么肥胖人群比非肥胖人群吃得更多。” 研究合著者亚伦·米勒补充道。
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